Task 5 – Review

  Task 1:  https://youtu.be/DcZMp9fXOf4 Task 3:  https://youtu.be/h5faft_LS_8 Task 4:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zadFtfQ6bHM&feature=youtu.be

  Rising intonation, also known as question intonation or rising intonation in English, is a linguistic phenomenon characterized by raising the pitch frequency at the end of a phrase or statement, giving the impression that a question is being asked or confirmation is requested. . This type of intonation can be used both in real questions and in statements that are not questions, in order to express doubt, uncertainty, interest or surprise. Example 1: "Can you help me with this  English Phonetics task?" (In this case, the rising intonation clearly indicates that a question is being asked and an answer is expected.) Example 2: “Today is Friday” (with rising intonation at the end of the sentence, it could be interpreted as if the person was seeking confirmation or validation of the information provided).  

  Falling intonation, also known as "falling intonation" in English, refers to the tone of voice that decreases in frequency at the end of a sentence or statement. This type of intonation is used in combination at the end of a statement or in a phrase that presents a conclusion. Examples of phrases with falling intonation are "I really enjoyed the movie last night" and "She will come to the party later." In both cases, the speaker's voice drops at the end of the sentence, giving the impression of a confident and conclusive statement. Falling intonation can help convey confidence and end an idea firmly and forcefully.

  A function word, also known as a function word, is a type of word that has no meaning of its own, but is instead used to connect or modify other words in a sentence. These words are essential for the grammatical structure of a sentence and for indicating relationships between ideas. They are essential for the coherence and cohesion of the text and for clearly communicating information.   A common example of a functional word in English is the word "the" which is used as a definite article in front of a noun to indicate that we are talking about something specific. For example, in the sentence "The book is on the table," the word "the" signals that we are talking about a particular book.   Another example of a function word in English is the word "and" which is used as a conjunction to join words, phrases or clauses in a sentence. For example, in the sentence "John and Mary went to the movies," the word "and" is used to j...

A content word is a word that carries the semantic weight of a sentence. These words convey meaning and are essential to understanding the message you want to communicate. The contents of words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.  For example, in the sentence "The dog runs fast," the words "dog," "run," and "fast" are content words. The noun "dog" tells us what the action is performing, the verb "runs" indicates the action the dog is performing, and the adverb "fast" gives us more information about how the dog is running.  Another example would be in the sentence "Mary is an excellent singer." In this case, the words "Mary," "excellent," and "singer" are content words. The noun "María" tells us who the person is being talked about, the adjective "excellent" describes the quality of the singer and the noun "singer" tells us what activity María...

 

  In phonetics, sounds are divided into two main categories: voiced sounds (voiced) and unvoiced sounds (unvoiced). The difference between these two types of sounds lies in the vibration of the vocal cords when producing them. Voiced sounds, also known as voiced sounds, are those in which the vocal cords vibrate when articulated. These vibrations create a resonant sensation in the throat, which gives them their "voice" characteristic. Examples of voiced sounds in English are /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /th/ as in "the", /l/, /m/, /n/, /ng /, /r/, /y/, /w/. On the other hand, voiceless sounds, also known as voiceless sounds, are those in which the vocal cords do not vibrate when articulating them. These sounds tend to be higher pitched and less resonant than voiced sounds. Examples of unvoiced sounds in English are /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /s/, /sh/, /ch/, /th/ as in "think", /h/. The distinction between voiced and unvoiced sounds is fundamental in the phonol...

  In sound production, articulators play a fundamental role in the formation of different speech sounds. The articulators are the organs and structures of the vocal system that are involved in the articulation of the sounds of language. These are divided into two main categories: active articulators and passive articulators. Active articulators are those that move to articulate speech sounds. Some examples of active articulators are the lips, tongue, soft palate, vocal cords, and teeth. For example, when pronouncing the letter "p" bilabial stop, the lips come together and quickly separate to produce the sound. On the other hand, passive articulators are those parts of the vocal system that do not move but influence the production of sound. Some examples of passive articulators are the hard palate, teeth, and alveoli. For example, when pronouncing the alveolar nasal letter "n" sound, air is diverted by the tongue to the back of the alveoli. In addition to active ...

  Places of articulation are the points of contact or narrowing between the articulatory organs (such as the tongue, lips, teeth, palate, etc.) during the production of sounds in speech. Depending on where this contact occurs, they can be classified into various places of articulation.   1. Bilabial: This type of articulation occurs when the upper and lower lips come together to produce a sound. An example in English would be the word "bat" /bæt/ where the articulation of the letter "b" is done with both lips.   2. Labiodental: In this case, the joint occurs between the lips and the upper teeth. An example in English would be the letter "f" in the word "fan" /fæn/.   3. Dental: Here the tongue is placed between the teeth to produce the sound. An example in English would be the sound of the letter "th" in the word "thin" /θɪn/.   4. Alveolar: This type of articulation occurs when the tongue is placed in the alveolar reg...

Phonetics and phonology are two important branches within the study of linguistics that focus on the sound of language. Although they are often used interchangeably, each has its own specific focus and field of study.Phonetics focuses on the actual sounds of speech, that is, how sounds are basically produced by human beings. It deals with aspects such as the articulation of sounds, the way they are produced in the mouth, tongue and other speech organs. Phonetics also studies the acoustic properties of sounds, that is, how they are transmitted and perceived through the air.On the other hand, phonology focuses on the sounds of language on an abstract and theoretical level. It is interested in how sounds are used in a specific linguistic system, how they are organized and combined to form meaningful words and phrases. Phonology studies phonemes, which are the distinctive sounds that make a difference in the meaning of words in a language. A simple example to differentiate both concepts ...